Prova oral

“Ontem recebi o resultado de minha aprovação na prova oral do MPF, estou absurdamente feliz, e gostaria de escrever algumas dicas para os alunos. Essa foi a terceira vez que fiz uma prova oral de concurso público, antes já tinha sido aprovado nas orais da DPU e AGU. Nessas duas primeiras oportunidades consegui um bom aproveitamento, mas desta vez, no MPF, consegui um aproveitamento ainda melhor, 91,81%, ficando em primeiro lugar na prova oral (empatado com outro candidato) sendo minha menor nota 80% e na classificação final, após os títulos, fiquei em sexto lugar. O grande diferencial de minha preparação para a prova do MPF foi o nosso treinamento prático de prova oral e o estudo focado no edital e examinadores do MPF. Sem dúvida alguma, na prova oral, além de uma base jurídica sólida, que todos que chegaram à prova oral já provaram ter, o mais importante é a forma de apresentar as ideias, a postura, clareza e a segurança. Ou seja, mesmo quando não souber uma resposta, o que certamente irá acontecer, o candidato deve fazer uma introdução genérica sobre o assunto utilizando-se de princípios ou de um histórico sobre o assunto, se necessário o examinador irá direcionar o candidato para o caminho certo, podendo até ficar satisfeito com a resposta genérica dada pelo candidato e passar para outra pergunta sem querer mais detalhes sobre a questão anterior, somente se o examinador reiterar objetivamente a pergunta colocando o candidato literalmente contra a parede é que deve-se falar: “Excelência, não me recordo exatamente deste ponto”. Para conseguir dar uma resposta genérica que agrade o examinador é importante saber conceitos que certamente agradarão a banca examinadora. Por exemplo, se a prova for da AGU, o candidato deve saber tudo sobre princípio da reserva do possível, separação dos poderes, mérito do ato administrativo, discricionariedade da administração pública, supremacia e indisponibilidade do interesse público, ressarcimento ao erário, etc. Se a prova for de MP, deve-se saber tudo sobre princípio da dignidade de pessoa humana, proibição da proteção deficiente, mandados de criminalização, vedação ao retrocesso, ativismo judicial, controle da administração pública, força normativa da constituição, etc. Conceitos como esses encaixam-se facilmente em várias respostas sobre várias matérias e podem salvar o candidato em uma situação de não saber o que falar. Outro ponto que deve ser ressaltado é a forma de expor as ideias, a resposta deve ser dada como se o candidato estivesse dando uma aula, explicando para o examinador clara e didaticamente os conceitos que abordar, sem partir do princípio que o examinador já sabe o que vc está falando. Um examinador do MPF falou para um candidato: "Imagine que eu fosse leigo, se eu que sou da área não estou entendo nada que vc está falando, imagina uma pessoa leiga…". Dessa forma, a linguagem apesar de ser culta, deve ser clara e resposta formulada de forma didática, não adianta o candidato falar palavras "lindas" se isso não for natural. Essa naturalidade, clareza, segurança e postura só se consegue com treinamento. O candidato deve ter a postura de um Advogado da União, Promotor, Procurador, Juiz, etc. O mesmo examinador do MPF criticou expressamente outro candidato: “Eu quero aqui é postura de Procurador, eu estou aqui para desafiar o candidato.” Espero que essas breves dicas sejam úteis para os alunos e me coloco a disposição deles para tirar qualquer dúvida.”

Atração pronominal remota

RCED x AIME

A maioria do TSE (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) decidiu declarar inconstitucional um tipo de recurso usado para cassar mandatos de políticos, o que pode beneficiar 11 governadores que respondem a ações na corte, entre eles Sérgio Cabral (RJ), Antonio Anastasia (MG), Cid Gomes (CE) e Roseana Sarney (MA).

Ao analisar o caso do deputado Assis Carvalho (PT-PI), que teve seu mandato questionado no TSE através de um RCED (Recurso Contra Expedição de Diploma), o ministro Dias Toffoli destacou que a Constituição não prevê tal possibilidade.

Para ele, o chamado RCED, previsto no Código Eleitoral de 1965, afronta a Constituição de 1988 que criou outro instrumento, conhecido como AIME (Ação de Impugnação de Mandato Eletivo), para a cassação de mandatos nos casos de abuso de poder econômico, corrupção ou fraude.

A diferença entre os dois é que o RCED, para o caso de deputados, senadores e governadores, pode ser enviado diretamente ao TSE, sem a necessidade de passar pelo TRE (Tribunal Regional Eleitoral). Ele também pode ser apresentado à Justiça a qualquer momento.

A AIME, por sua vez, além de ser iniciada pela primeira instância da Justiça Eleitoral, tramita em segredo de Justiça e deve ser apresentada em até 15 dias após a diplomação do político.

O entendimento de Dias Toffoli foi seguido por Castro Meira, Henrique Neves e Luciana Lóssio. Foram contrários os ministros Marco Aurélio Mello, Cármen Lúcia e Laurita Vaz.

A decisão desta noite representa a uma mudança na jurisprudência do tribunal, uma vez que o então governador Jackson Lago (MA) foi cassado pelo TSE em 2009 justamente através de um RCED. Em seu lugar foi empossada Roseana Sarney.

Ao analisar o caso do deputado Carvalho, o TSE resolveu enviar seu processo para o TRE, transformando-o em AIME.

A corte não discutiu o que fazer no caso dos governadores. Mas, devido à declaração de inconstitucionalidade do RCED, o mais provável é que, quando os processos entrarem em pauta, o mesmo entendimento seja seguido.

Caso os processos que pedem a cassação dos governadores sejam enviados aos TREs, toda a tramitação das ações terá de ser concluída até o final do ano que vem. Caso contrário, haverá o risco dos mandatos acabarem antes da conclusão dos julgamentos.

Além de Cabral, Anastasia, Gomes e Roseana Sarney, respondem a RCEDs no TSE e podem ser beneficiados pelo novo entendimento da corte os governadores Anchieta Junior (RR), André Puccinelli (MS), Omar Aziz (AM), Sebastião Viana (AC), Siqueira Campos (TO), Teotônio Vilela (AL) e Wilson Martins (PI).

Revogação e Sustação do cheque

revogação = contra-ordem

sustação = oposição

Art . 35 O emitente do cheque pagável no Brasil pode revogá-lo, mercê de contra-ordem dada por aviso epistolar, ou por via judicial ou extrajudicial, com as razões motivadoras do ato.

Parágrafo único - A revogação ou contra-ordem só produz efeito depois de expirado o prazo de apresentação e, não sendo promovida, pode o sacado pagar o cheque até que decorra o prazo de prescrição, nos termos do art. 59 desta Lei.

Art . 36 Mesmo durante o prazo de apresentação, o emitente e o portador legitimado podem fazer sustar o pagamento, manifestando ao sacado, por escrito, oposição fundada em relevante razão de direito.

§ 1º A oposição do emitente e a revogação ou contra-ordem se excluem reciprocamente.

§ 2º Não cabe ao sacado julgar da relevância da razão invocada pelo oponente.

Visto que

Visto que

[Pergunta] É correta a expressão "visto como", a qual significa "porquanto", "visto que"?

Petrúcio Herculano :: :: Brasil

[Resposta] O Dicionário de Questões Vernáculas de Napoleão Mendes de Almeida diz, na entrada Visto que, o seguinte:
«Assim se diz, e não ‘visto como’, pelo mesmo motivo por que se diz ‘suposto que’, ‘dado que’, e não ‘suposto como’, ‘dado como’; o verbo da subordinada pode vir expresso na forma infinitiva: ‘Visto estar (que estava) a armada descoberta...’.
«Quando seguido de substantivo, o particípio concorda normalmente com ele: ‘vistos os defeitos’, ‘vista a circunstância’, ‘vistas as dificuldades’.»

C.M. :: 30/08/2001

Haja vista...

Haja vista...

[Pergunta] Sendo português e residente no Brasil há muitos anos tenho usufruido momentos de grande prazer desta vossa criação. Sou dos que sofrem perante os maus tratos que tantos dão à nossa língua! A minha pergunta: «Haja visto, haja vistas...». A expressão, constantemente usada, soa muito mal em certas ocasiões. Afinal, devemos usá-la sob regência? Há necessidade de concordância?
Tenho ouvido:
Haja vista a ocorrência de...
Haja visto que nem sempre...
Haja visto o exemplo dado...
Haja vistas para tais casos...

Rui Lopes dos Santos :: :: Brasil

[Resposta] Caro compatriota, fomos encontrar no Dicionário de Questões Vernáculas de Napoleão Mendes de Almeida, gramático brasileiro, a resposta para a sua dúvida. «Haja vista» é uma expressão perifrástica, transitiva e invariável que equivale a «veja»: «Haja vista os exemplos dos antigos», «Haja vista as medidas tomadas pelo presidente». E abona a sua interpretação com citações de três clássicos, cultores da língua portuguesa: Castilho (Haja vista às tão preciosas e admiráveis fábulas de La Fontaine), Filinto Elísio (Haja vista a Plutarco e Xenofonte), Camilo (Haja vista dos elos que eles representam na cadeia da criação).

Resumindo, o sentido deste modo de dizer elíptico será « o leitor ou quem quer que seja tenha a vista lançada a...». O vocábulo que se lhe segue é o complemento (ou objecto) directo da expressão verbal.

Teresa Álvares :: 01/03/1997 

 

 

«Haja visto» ou «haja vista»?

[Pergunta] Qual o uso correcto? «Ermenegildo não virá hoje, haja visto (ou haja vista) encontrar-se no estrangeiro.»

Gomes :: :: Brasil

[Resposta] Parece que é sobretudo no Brasil que surgem problemas com a forma desta locução.
A que está atestada é haja vista, que significa «leve-se em conta, considere-se (algo que indica, confirma ou ilustra aquilo que se afirmou anteriormente); haja em vista» (Dicionário Houaiss Eletrônico) e é equivalente de haja em vista. Transcrevo os comentários sobre esta locução que se encontram no Dicionário Houaiss: «[...] haja vista pode reger ou não a partícula a (lutaremos, haja vista [a] o armamento que já reunimos) ou a partícula de (haja vista das razões expostas); tb. pode manter-se invariável (haja vista as armas que já reunimos) ou pode flexionar o substantivo vista (haja vistas as armas; haja visto o armamento que reunimos) ou o verbo haver (hajam vista os argumentos apresentados); quando rege a partícula em, permanece invariável (haja em vista as armas).» Outra coisa é saber se a expressão haja vista pode ser utilizada no contexto apresentado pela pergunta. O que aí se vê é que a locução é seguida de uma oração cujo sujeito está subentendido, mas retoma anaforicamente o da oração anterior («Ermenegildo»), e cujo predicado é constituído por um infinito flexionado («encontrar-se»). Acontece que, nos dicionários consultados, o uso da locução está atestado com expressões nominais e nunca com orações. Há, portanto, alguma confusão no uso de haja vista, que, na frase que nos é proposta, deveria ser substituída por dado ou visto, que têm valor conjuncional causal («porque») e admitem a introdução de orações de infinito: «Ermenegildo não virá hoje, visto encontrar-se no estrangeiro.»

Carlos Rocha :: 20/09/2005

 

Cumprimentos

A valediction (derivation from Latin vale dicere, 'to say farewell'),^[1] or complimentary close in American English,^[2] is an expression used to say farewell, especially a word or phrase used to end a letter or message,^[3][4] or the act of saying parting words whether brief or extensive.

For the greetings counterpart to valediction, see salutation.

Alternatively, valediction can refer to the final prayers and remarks at the graveside before burial given by the presiding priest, after the Mass and the rite of Final Commendation, during a Roman Catholic Funeral Service.

Contents

• 1 English
  • 1.1 Formal valediction
    • 1.1.1 Yours sincerely or faithfully
    • 1.1.2 Yours truly,
    • 1.1.3 Yours aye
    • 1.1.4 Yours hopefully
    • 1.1.5 Yours, etc.
    • 1.1.6 Regards, kind regards, best regards
    • 1.1.7 Miscellaneous
  • 1.2 Valedictions in e-mail
• 2 French
• 3 Hebrew
• 4 German
• 5 Portuguese
  • 5.1 Highly formal valedictions
  • 5.2 Formal valedictions
  • 5.3 Semi-formal valedictions
  • 5.4 Informal valedictions
  • 5.5 Abbreviated valedictions (informal)
• 6 Spanish
• 7 Hungarian
• 8 Swedish
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links

English

Valedictions normally immediately precede the signature in written correspondence. The word or words used express respect, esteem, or regard for the person to whom the correspondence is directed, and the exact form used depends on a number of factors — including:

• the formality of the correspondence
• the relationship to the recipient

Conventions also change over time and differ according to language.

English valedictions typically contain the possessive pronoun "yours". "Yours faithfully", "Yours truly", or "Yours sincerely" (or its American English variant, "Sincerely yours"). Earlier style closings were usually much longer, and often a complete sentence.

Formal valediction

English language valediction typically contain the word yours, a contraction of your servant; valediction was traditionally^[when?] voluminous, a complete sentence of the form:

I am, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,

A.B.

or

I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,

A.B.

or

I remain, Sir, your faithful and obedient servant,

A.B.

This form is occasionally abbreviated to

Your obt svt,

A.B.

The phrase et cetera may be used in place of the remainder of the valediction, as in

I am, etc.,

A.B.

or

Yours, &c.,

A.B.

as well as

YOS,

A.B.

In modern English, highly formal valediction includes

Sincerely, I am,

A.B.

Yours sincerely or faithfully

In British English, valedictions, especially formal ones, have largely been replaced by the use of "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully". "Yours sincerely" is a shorter form of the archaic "I am yours sincerely", while similarly "Yours faithfully" is a contraction of "I remain, Sir, your faithful and obedient servant" "Yours sincerely" is typically employed in English when the recipient is addressed by name (e.g. "Dear John") and is known to the sender to some degree, whereas "Yours faithfully" is used when the recipient is not addressed by name (i.e. the recipient is addressed by a phrase such as "Dear Sir/Madam") or when the recipient is not known personally by the sender.^[5] One way to remember this is the saying "S and S never go together" (for Sir and Sincerely respectively) or remembering "Sir Faithful". When the recipient's name is known, but not previously met or spoken with, some people prefer the use of the more distant Yours faithfully, at the risk of annoying the recipient.

In American English, "Sincerely yours" or "Sincerely" are commonly used in formal correspondence. "Faithfully yours" is rare.

Yours truly,

Yours truly can carry either or both of two connotations: as a valediction, and by implication, as an informal reference by a person to themselves – "the speaker".

"Yours truly" is also used in professional correspondence when writing to a client by his name, but signing the letter in the name of the firm where neither "Yours faithfully" or "Yours sincerely" would be appropriate e.g. Dear Mr. Brown ................Yours truly, Polaski & Jones

As valediction

Commonly appearing in the US as "Yours truly," or "Yours very truly," use in the UK was an indication that the recipient was of a higher status than the signatory. "Very truly yours" is the shorter, modern form of "I am very truly yours", with "yours" indicating something like "your servant". In the Spanish language, there is a similar formal closing for letters that translates roughly as "I am your sure servant". For those who pay attention to old-fashioned manners, "Sincerely yours" was regarded as appropriate only for social correspondence, and not business correspondence, while such closings as "Cordially" or "Best regards" (which one does indeed find) are always inappropriate for business letters to strangers, and their use may be considered silly and uninformed by the recipient.

As self-reference

• "Yours truly made the cake" – a more affected, tongue-in-cheek way of saying "I made the cake".
• "If yours truly hadn't been sick that day..."

In this manner, one may sarcastically refer to a third person present in the conversation:

• "Everything was going fine before yours truly, here, showed up..."

Yours aye

"Yours aye" is a Scottish expression^[6] meaning "yours always", and is occasionally used by sailors or people working in a maritime context.

Yours hopefully

"Yours hopefully" is occasionally used in letters of respect or complaint.^{[citation needed]}

Yours, etc.

Used historically for abbreviated endings. Can be found in older newspaper letters to the editor, and often in US legal correspondence. "&c." may be seen instead of "etc." (see et cetera).

In Jane Austen books, some letters are signed Yours, etc. or Yours Sincerely, etc.

Regards, kind regards, best regards

Increasingly common in business usage, "Regards," is often used as a semi-formal valediction in emails. "Kind regards" and especially "Best regards" is meant as a way of addressing close friends or loved ones or a close working relationship. A common error is to say "Best regards" or "Kind regards" in formal letters which perhaps shows a misunderstanding of the term. In informal usage, "Best regards" and "Kind regards" are often abbreviated to "BR" or "KR". The use of "Kind regards" is most likely derived from the more formal, "Kindest regards," which is itself a phrase derived from the even more formal combination of "Kindest regards, I remain," "yours" or "truly yours" or any one of a number of valedictions in common usage. A less common variation is "Warm regards" which is often used to purposely avoid the aforementioned more common valedictions.^{[citation needed]}

Miscellaneous

Other less formal expressions exist, often some variant of Best wishes such as All my best or, simply, Best. For family members or intimates, an expression such as Your friend, Your loving son or (in the case of lovers) Your Albert may be used; or the name may simply be preceded with All my love or Love. "Yours fraternally" is a frequently used valediction in the Labour movement.

Less commonly, other adverbs or adverbial phrases may be used, in keeping with the tone of the letter, such as In solidarity or Fraternally. Christian clergy often use Yours in Christ, Sincerely in Christ, or Yours sincerely in Christ.

Within the United States military services, two complimentary closings are often used incorrectly. Respectfully is often used by a senior addressing a service member of lower rank. Very respectfully or Respectfully submitted are used by a junior addressing a service member of higher rank. The closing Very respectfully may be abbreviated "V/r" in brief emails and short notes (or, similarly, "R/s" for Respectfully submitted), but these closings are always written out in formal correspondence.^[7] In Army Regulation 25-50 Preparing and Managing Correspondence and Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual SECNAV Manual M-5216.5 March 2010, 'Respectfully' is reserved for a complimentary close when corresponding with the President or a former President. In both regulations, 'Sincerely,' is reserved for correspondence with senior officers and congressional members.

In English, all the above closings capitalise the first word and end in a comma, e.g. "Yours sincerely,".

Valedictions in e-mail

Valedictions in formal e-mail are similar to valedictions in letters: on the whole, they are variations of "regards" and "yours".^{[8][9][dead link]} However, a wide range of popular valedictions are used in casual e-mail but very rarely in letters. These include:

• Cheers
• Thanks
• Keep in touch
• Take care
• Warmly
• Love
• Best
• Peace
• All the best
• Be well
• HTH (meaning: hope this helps, happy to help)
• TTFN (meaning: Ta Ta For Now)

E-mail messages, especially those used for very brief communication, are commonly signed off without valedictions, these being replaced by automatically appended signature texts. Some are not signed at all, since a sender's name is usually provided in the message headers.

French

Standard French language valedictions tend to be much more complex than standard English ones, more akin to older English valedictions. They show a fair degree of variation, for example:

Veuillez agréer, Madame, Monsieur, l'expression de mes sentiments distingués.

"Please accept, Madam, Sir, the expression of my distinguished sentiments."

Or:

Veuillez recevoir, Madame, mes sincères salutations.

"Please receive, Madam, my sincere salutations."

Or:

Je vous prie de croire, Monsieur, à mes sentiments les meilleurs.

"I beg you to believe, Sir, in my best sentiments."

In the latter case of a formula beginning with the first person, the valediction is often enhanced with a participial phrase concluding the sense of the letter (since traditionally it is not considered appropriate to begin a paragraph with the first person singular je in a letter):

Espérant recevoir une réponse favorable, je vous prie d'agréer, Madame…

"Hoping for a favourable answer, I beg you to allow, Madam…"

A number of rules concern the use of these formulae:

• the title used in the salutation of the letter must be reproduced in the valediction; so a letter addressing Madame la députée would conclude, Veuillez, Madame la députée.
• the wording recevoir l'assurance should be used in a letter from a hierarchical superior to an inferior, whereas the wording agréer l'expression should be used in a letter from a hierarchical inferior to a superior, and not conversely.
• in a letter from a man to a woman or from a woman to a man, the writer must not send sentiments if they are not close family relatives (i.e. mother and son, father and daughter, brother and sister, or possibly close cousins).

Such formulae may be used even in more friendly letters, often with the adjective cher or chère for the recipient. Letters to dignitaries may use even more grandiose styles, such as:

Daignez, Monsieur le Premier ministre, agréer l'expression de ma considération très distinguée.

"Deign, Mr. Prime Minister, to allow the expression of my most distinguished consideration."

or more commmonly:

Veuillez agréer, Monsieur le Premier ministre, l'expression de ma très haute considération.

"Please accept, Mr. Prime Minister, the expression of my highest consideration."

According to the French typographic rules, the proper capitalization for the official title is "Premier ministre" although people who mimic English titles or fear that they might appear disrespectful often use more capitals than the rules commend.

Veuillez agréer, Madame l'Ambassadeur, l'expression de mes salutations les plus respectueuses.

"Please allow, Madam Ambassador, the expression of my most respectful salutations."

Another French typographic rule also states that when addressing someone, styles like Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle, should never be abbreviated, even if followed by a title (hence, writing M. le Premier Ministre or Mme l'Ambassadeur would be considered clumsy).

Much shorter styles may be used in brief notes (Sincères salutations), and informal letters (such as between intimates) may use expressions such as (with approximate English equivalents – not literal translations):

• Amicalement ("In friendship")
• Amitiés ("Your friend")
• À bientôt ("See you soon")
• Au plaisir de vous revoir ("Hope to see you again soon")
• Bien amicalement ("In Good Friendship")
• Bien à vous ("Best Wishes")
• Cordialement ("Cordially")
• Meilleures salutations ("Best Salutations")
• Salutations distinguées ("With Distinguished Salutations")

Unlike in English, when the letter writer has a title that is unique in his or her organization, it is placed before, not after, the name:

Veuillez recevoir, Monsieur, mes sincères salutations.

La vice-présidente des ressources humaines,

A.B.

Hebrew

Formal letters in Hebrew often end with "b'chavod (rav*)" (Hebrew: בכבוד *רב, lit: with (great*) honor) or somewhat less formal "bivracha" (Hebrew: בברכה, lit: with blessing). The informal ones may use "kol tuv" (Hebrew: כל טוב, lit: all the best). For an intimate, you might end a letter or email with "mitga'ageah" (m) or "mitga'aga'at" (f) -- missing you. Jews in the United States often use "B'shalom" or "shalom" (Hebrew: בשלום, lit: in peace) within Jewish circles, for example, from a Rabbi to his congregation. This is an American Jewish usage, rarely heard from native speakers of Hebrew. "B'shalom" is incorrect, as it is religiously tantamount to wishing death on someone. Indeed, the Talmud says: "In bidding farewell to the living one should not say, 'Go with peace' [lech b'shalom], but 'Go to peace' [lech l'shalom], because [King] David said to [his son] Absalom, 'Go with peace', and he went and was hanged; whereas Jethro said to Moses, 'Go to peace', and he went and succeeded." [Talmud, Moed Katan 29a]

German

Valedictions in German tend to be subject to similar flexibility as in French, are however a great deal less complex. The highly formal form Hochachtungsvoll (lit. "highly respectfully") has been practically obsolete for many years and is very rarely used in modern German, except for highly formal correspondence from authorities or in letters with a highly negative connotation where "friendliness" would not be appropriate.

The standard business valediction is Mit freundlichen Grüßen (lit. "with friendly regards") and is equivalent to Yours sincerely or Yours faithfully in English. A more seldom used variant of this is Mit freundlichem Gruß, which is as above but in the singular form. Other semi-formal alternatives include (roughly in order of formality, most to least) Mit besten Grüßen (lit. "with best regards"), Beste Grüße, Mit herzlichen Grüßen (lit. "with cordial regards"), Viele Grüße (lit. "many regards"), Schöne Grüße (lit. "nice regards").

German valedictions also offer the possibility of adding your location, e.g. Mit freundlichen Grüßen aus Berlin to added effect. While this is no less formal, it does have a more "relaxed" feel to it. Other less formal location-centric variations are also possible, such as Viele Grüße aus dem sonnigen Barcelona (lit. "many regards from sunny Barcelona").

These valedictions are also often adapted to specific professions, states or political views. For example, it is common to use Mit solidarischen Grüßen ("with regards in solidarity") among socialist and communist groups, Mit gewerkschaftlichen Grüßen (lit. "with union regards") or Mit kollegialen Grüßen (lit. "with cooperative regards") among labour union members, Mit kameradschaftlichen Grüßen (lit. "with comradely regards") among military personnel, Mit sportlichen Grüßen ("with sporting regards") among sportspersons, and Mit gebärdenfreundlichen Grüßen ("with friendly regards in sign language") among persons hard of hearing.

More familiar valedictions in German follow the same formula. Alles Liebe or (Viele) liebe Grüße are common in German for friends or family. Male friends or close colleagues among each other may use simply Gruß.

It is possible in informal and rapid e-mail communication to sometimes use abbreviations of the forms, unlike in English. In this way, Mit freundlichen Grüßen may be shortened to mfg and Liebe Grüße may be shortened to lg. A popular form in Germany in recent years, hdl (hab dich lieb, lit. "am fond of you") and hdgdl (hab dich ganz doll lieb, lit. "am very fond of you", for somewhere between "I like you" and "I love you") has found increased usage in SMS text messaging and e-mails in more intimate relationships.

Judges have deemed that Section 86a of the German Criminal Code forbids the use of Mit deutschem Gruß (lit. "with German regards"), as it has National Socialist overtones.^[10]

Portuguese

Formal valedictions should end with a comma followed by a paragraph where the valedictor's name (and optionally his status) is identified. Depending on the occasion, different degrees of formality are adequate, ranging from highly formal (e.g. solemn occasions) to totally informal (e.g. a conversation among friends). Some formal valedictions can be used at different formality degrees, but almost never in informal situations.

Highly formal valedictions

• Com os melhores cumprimentos ("With the best compliments")
• Respeitosamente ("Respectfully")
• Reverentemente ("Reverently")
• Com protestos da mais elevada estima e consideração ("With protestations of the highest esteem and consideration")

Formal valedictions

• Atenciosamente ("Graciously")
• Atentamente ("Attentively")
• Saudações académicas ("Academic salutations", very common within Portuguese universities)

Semi-formal valedictions

• Cordialmente ("Cordially")
• Com amizade ("With friendship")
• Cumprimentos ("Regards")
• Saudações cordiais ("Cordial salutations")

Informal valedictions

• Abraço ("a hug", usually between men), also Abraços ("hugs"). Some common variants include Forte Abraço ("Strong hug") and Grande Abraço ("Big hug")
• Até já ("see you soon"), also Até depois and Até logo ("see you later")
• Beijo ("a kiss", usually between women or between woman and man), also Beijos ("kisses") and Grande Beijo ("big kiss")
• Beijinho (literally "a kisslet", very common especially between female and male friends), also Beijinhos (literally "kisslets")
• Muitas saudades ("I miss you verily")
• Seu / Sua ("Yours": male/female valedictor)
• Tudo de bom ("All the best")

Abbreviated valedictions (informal)

• Abr, Abc, Abç abbreviated form of Abraço ("hug") or Abraços ("hugs")
• Bj, abbreviated forms of Beijo ("kiss") or Beijinho ("kisslet"), also Bjs ("many kisses/kisslets")
• Cumps. abbreviated form of Cumprimentos ("Regards")

Spanish

• Saludos (Regards)
• Atentamente (literally "attentively", a very common business valediction similar to "respectfully")
• Cordialmente ("cordially")
• Amablemente (literally "amiably", similar to "kindly")
• Amorosamente ("lovingly", not commonly used in Spain)
• Tiernamente ("tenderly", not commonly used in Spain)
• Un cordial saludo ("cordial greetings")
• Reciba un cordial saludo ("receive cordial greetings")
• Un abrazo ("a hug", very common between male friends and male family members)
• Abrazos ("hugs")
• Un beso ("a kiss", very common to and from female friends and family members)
• Besos ("kisses")

Hungarian

• Tisztelettel: Very formal, means "with regards".
• Üdvözlettel: Somewhat formal, assumes existing relationship. Often used between colleagues. Literally means "greetings".
• Üdv: An informal form of "Üdvözlettel". Very frequently used in e-mails.
• Puszi: Means "kiss on the cheek". Often used within family or between girlfriends.
• Pussz or Pusszantyú: Non-dictionary forms of "Puszi".
• Pusszantás: Even though is literally means "Puszi", it is considered as a funny and a bit rude form of "Üdv".
• Csók: Means "kiss on mouth". Used between couples only.
• Csókolom or Kezit csókolom: It is actually a greeting of elderly people, sometimes also used as valediction. In the first half of the 20th century it was also used to greet or say good-bye to young ladies. Literally means "kisses on the hand".
• Csóközön: Literally means "flood of kisses". It is definitely not to be meant literally. It is rather considered as a funny form of "Üdv".
• Cső: Literally means "pipe". Probably a derivate of Italian ciao. Very informal valediction.
• Csőváz, Csá, Csákány: Very informal variants of "Cső".
• Pá or Pá-pá: Toddler word used when waving with hands. Rarely used by adults.

Swedish

• Högaktningsfullt (Highly respectfully – Old style and very formal, no longer in common use)
• Med vänlig hälsning (With friendly regard – Common in business letters)
  • or: Med vänliga hälsningar (With friendly regards)
  • in informal emails often written: Mvh
  • or: Vänligen (Kindly)
• Hjärtliga hälsningar (Cordially – somewhat formal among friends, informal in business letters)
• Kram (Hug – informal, between friends)

See also

• Business letter
• Salutation
• Valedictorian

References

1. Jump up ^ Oxford Concise Dictionary of English Etymology. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1996. p. 519.
2. Jump up ^ Complimentary close on The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition.
3. Jump up ^ Valediction – Definition from The Free Dictionary.
4. Jump up ^ Valediction Dictionary.co.uk.
5. Jump up ^ www.dailywritingtips.com/yours-faithfully-or-yours-sincerely.
6. Jump up ^ Commonly still used in the Royal Navy "Walking down the street, opening doors and wearing hats at weddings", The Sunday Times.
7. Jump up ^ http://www.tpub.com/content/administration/12966/css/12966_149.htm
8. Jump up ^ www.netmanners.com/email-etiquette/email-sign-off-considerations.
9. Jump up ^ www.businessemailetiquette.com/email-sign-off-considerations.
10. Jump up ^ Rechtsextremistische Subkulturen.

External links

Look up valediction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• AskOxford: French valedictions for English speakers

Freundliche Gruesse, . . . . . . . formal
Beste Gruesse, . . . . . . . . . . . |
Herzliche Gruesse, . . . . . . . . . v
Liebe Gruesse, . . . . . . . . . . persoenlich

Mit freundlichen Gruessen, . . . . Geschaeftsbrief, offizille Korrespondenz
Beste Gruesse, . . . . . . . . . . Geschaeftsbrief, falls Du den Korrespondenzpartner persoenlich kennst und Ihr Euch gut versteht
Herzliche Gruesse, . . . . . . . . persoenlicher Brief, an Freunde und Familie
Liebe Gruesse, . . . . . . . . . . persoenlicher Brief, an gute Freunde oder enge Familienangehoerige

Grußformel (Korrespondenz)

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Mit freundlichen Grüßen ist eine Weiterleitung auf diesen Artikel. Für das gleichnamige Album, siehe Mit freundlichen Grüßen (Album).

Beim Abfassen von Briefen sind Anrede und Grußformel oder Schlussformel (französisch formule de courtoisie) am Schluss des Briefes üblich. Die Auswahl der sprachlichen Mittel hängt vom jeweiligen Texttyp ab. Je nach Texttyp liegen die Regeln zur Abfassung auch in Form von Regelwerken vor, wie etwa bei Briefen in Briefstellern. Sie wird nur einmal verwendet, also nicht nach einem Postskriptum.

Eine Grußformel ist auch ein Bestandteil des Kanzleizeremoniells und wird dort für unterschiedliche Textarten verwandt (Urkunden, Kanzleischreiben (lettre de cérémonie), Kabinettsschreiben (lettre de cabinet), Handschreiben (Chirografo) usw.)

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Geschichte
• 2 DIN-Normen
• 3 Allgemeine Grußformeln
• 4 Diplomatische Grußformeln
• 5 Grußformeln für Geschäftsbriefe
• 6 Grußformeln für private Korrespondenz
• 7 Spezielle Grußformeln
• 8 Veraltete Grußformeln
• 9 Korrespondenz zwischen Behörden
• 10 Abkürzungen
• 11 Verbotene Grußformel
• 12 Siehe auch
• 13 Literatur
• 14 Weblinks
• 15 Einzelnachweise

Geschichte

Im Mittelalter waren Briefschlussformeln wie datum die nativitatis S. Ioannis A.D. MCCCL – „gegeben am Tag der Geburt Johannes des Täufers im Jahr des Herrn 1350“ üblich.

DIN-Normen

Für die Grußformel insbesondere für geschäftliche Korrespondenz können die Vorgaben von DIN 5008 und DIN 676 verwendet werden, welche die Grußformel formal sowie inhaltlich beschreiben. Demnach ist sie mit einer Leerzeile vom Text des Briefes abzusetzen und endet ohne Punkt. Die darunter gesetzte Unterschrift wiederum erfordert vier weitere Leerzeilen, falls Postskriptum und/oder Anlagenvermerk folgen. Eine maschinengeschriebene Wiederholung des Namens des Unterzeichners gilt als höflich – sofern der Name nicht bereits aus einem persönlichen Briefkopf deutlich hervorgeht.

Allgemeine Grußformeln

• „Freundliche Grüße“/„Beste Grüße“/„Schöne Grüße“
• „Mit freundlichem/bestem/schönem Gruß(e)“
• „Mit freundlichen/besten/schönen Grüßen“
• „Es grüßt (Sie) … (Name)“
• „Viele Grüße aus … (Wohnort/Region)“

Nach der Grußformel ist im Deutschen kein Satzzeichen zu verwenden,^[1] es sei denn die Grußformel ist Teil des letzten Satzes, dann gilt die reguläre Zeichensetzung und Groß- und Kleinschreibung^[2]. In angelsächsischen Sprachen wird in bestimmten Fällen mit einem Komma abgeschlossen.

Diplomatische Grußformeln

Eine diplomatische Note wird dem französischen Zeremoniell folgend üblicherweise mit einer besonderen Schlussgrußformel abgeschlossen:

• Gerne nutze ich diesen Anlass, um Exzellenz …, (erneut) meiner … Hochachtung zu versichern.
• Genehmigen Sie … die Versicherung meiner … Hochachtung.

Dabei erhalten

• der Apostolische Nuntius, außerordentliche und bevollmächtigte Botschafter und Gesandte die „ganz ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• ein Geschäftsträger, ein Botschaftsrat die „ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• alle anderen fremden Diplomaten die „vorzügliche Hochachtung“.

Grußformeln für Geschäftsbriefe

Neutral, sehr häufig verwendet:

• „Mit freundlichen Grüßen“
• „Freundliche Grüße“
• „Mit freundlichem Gruß(e)“
• „Mit besten Grüßen“

Heute vor allem noch in amtlichen Schreiben:

• „Hochachtungsvoll“
• „mit vorzüglicher Hochachtung“

Diese beiden Grußformeln sind jedoch im Gebrauch gegenüber früher stark zurückgegangen, da sie recht förmlich erscheinen. Im Geschäftsverkehr werden sie daher unter Umständen von manchen Adressaten als unhöflich empfunden, als sie zuweilen ironisch gebraucht werden – die ihnen eigentlich innewohnende Höflichkeit wird ins Gegenteil verkehrt –, etwa wenn der Schreiber nicht freundlich grüßt, jedoch die Form wahren will, beispielsweise bei der letztmaligen Mahnung vor Einleitung eines gerichtlichen Mahnverfahrens. Im Rahmen einer Korrespondenz unter Rechtsanwälten gilt die Formel „mit (vorzüglicher) kollegialer Hochachtung“ als äußerst unhöflich, unter Ärzten ist sie dagegen allgemein üblich.

Spezielle Firmenkorrespondenz:

• „Mit bester Empfehlung“
• „Mit besten Empfehlungen“
• „Mit verbindlichen Grüßen“

Nur geeignet für Geschäftskorrespondenz, insbesondere wenn anliegend etwas überreicht wird (Dokumente, Informationen, Gratiswaren) oder sich die Firmen tatsächlich für Dienstleistungen oder als Warenanbieter empfehlen.

Beispiel für eine komplette Schlussformel in einem Geschäftsbrief:

Wir danken Ihnen für Ihre Kooperation und verbleiben
mit freundlichen Grüßen.
 
Bankhaus Haßloch & Cie. KGaA
ppa. Dr. Markus Möglich

In dem Beispiel ist ausnahmsweise ein Punkt hinter der Grußformel zu setzen, da diese Teil des letzten Satzes ist.^[3]

Grußformeln für private Korrespondenz

Neutral:

• „Viele Grüße“
• „Beste Grüße“
• „Freundliche Grüße“

Spezielle Grüße:

• „Mit den besten Grüßen aus … (Ort)“
• „Grüße aus dem sonnigen … (Ort)“
• „Mit den besten Grüßen nach … (Ort)“

Freundschaftlich:

• „Schöne Grüße“
• „Herzliche Grüße“
• „Liebe Grüße“
• „In Verbundenheit“

Intimere oder vertrautere Verhältnisse:

• „Viele liebe Grüße“
• „Alles Liebe“
• „Alles Gute“

anstelle oder zusätzlich zu obigen Schlussformeln wird häufig vor den eigenen (Vor)Namen „Dein“ bzw. „Deine“ gesetzt, z. B.:

• „In Liebe, Dein(e) …“

Spezielle Grußformeln

In Enzykliken: „Gegeben zu Rom, bei Sankt Peter, am TT. MM, dem Fest ... des Jahres JJJJ, dem n. Jahr Unseres Pontifikates“ (noch heute üblich); Beispiel: „Gegeben zu Rom, bei Sankt Peter, am 25. März, dem Fest Mariä Verkündigung des Jahres 1987, dem neunten Jahr Unseres Pontifikates“

Hohe Amtsträger:

• Bundespräsident: „vollkommene Hochachtung“
• Präsident des Deutschen Bundestages: „ganz ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• Bundeskanzler: „ganz ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• Präsident des Bundesrates: „ganz ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• Präsident des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes: „ganz ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• Bundesminister: „ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• Ministerpräsident: „ausgezeichnete Hochachtung“
• vorzügliche Hochachtung
• besondere Hochachtung

Mit Bezug auf Verbände oder Vereinigungen

• „Mit gewerkschaftlichem Gruß“ – Grußformel für Geschäftsbriefe von Gewerkschaftern.
• „Mit sportlichem Gruß“ – für alle Briefe um das Thema Sport.
• „Mit reiterlichem Gruß“ – unter Reitern.
• „Mit gebärdenfreundlichen Grüßen“ – Grußformel zwischen Gehörlosen, Schwerhörigen und Gebärdensprachlern.
• „Mit Fliegergruß“ – diese Grußformel wird nur von Fliegern und Piloten benutzt; daneben (alt): „many happy landings“, neu: „happy landings“; „Blue Sky“.
• „Mit kameradschaftlichen Grüßen“ – Grußformel zwischen aktiven Soldaten und Reservisten, aber auch in Vereinen und unter Kameraden der Feuerwehr.
• „Mit kollegialen Grüßen“ – Grußformel bei gleichem Berufsstand, z. B. zwischen Ärzten oder Rechtsanwälten.
• „Mit solidarischen (oder sozialistischen/sozialdemokratischen) Grüßen“ – in der politisch Linken verbreitete Grußformel (kurz: „MsG“).
• „Mit bundesbrüderlichen Grüßen“ – zwischen Verbindungsstudenten derselben Verbindung.
• „Mit den besten Wünschen“ – unter Corpsstudenten übliche Grußformel.
• „Gut Pfad“ – Grußformel der Pfadfinderbewegung.
• „Gut Heil“ – Grußformel der Freiwilligen Feuerwehren in Österreich.
• „Mit corpsbrüderlichen Grüßen“ – zwischen Corpsstudenten desselben Corps.
• „Mit burschenschaftlichen Grüßen“ – zwischen Burschenschaftern.
• „Mit brüderlichem Gruß“ – zwischen Ordensbrüdern.
• „Mit sozialistischem Gruß“ – veraltete Grußformel in der DDR.
• „Mit Schützengruß“ – unter Sportschützen.
• „Mit schachlichen Grüßen“ – zwischen Schachfreunden (gleiche Vereinszugehörigkeit nicht erforderlich).
• „vy 73“ oder „vy 73 de <Vorname>, <Rufzeichen>“- zwischen Funkamateuren, die Abkürzungen „vy“ (für engl. „very“) und „de“ (von) sowie der Zifferncode 73 (für „herzliche Grüße“) stammen aus der Telegrafie^[4].
• „Genehmigen Sie, Herr …/Frau …/Ihre Exzellenz, den Ausdruck meiner ausgezeichneten Hochachtung“ – volle diplomatische Grußformel.^[5]
• „Mit freundlichem Glückauf!” – im Bergbau im dienstlichen und privaten Schriftverkehr, sowie an der montanistischen Hochschule als Grußformel genutzt.

Veraltete Grußformeln

Folgende Formeln sind heute veraltet und nicht mehr zu empfehlen, sie klingen unzeitgemäß:

• „Mit dem Ausdruck meiner vorzüglichen Hochachtung“
• „Mit vielen Grüßen bin ich Ihr ergebener (Name)“
• „Mit größtem Respekt und bewundernder Hochachtung verbleibe ich in demütiger Hoffnung“

Korrespondenz zwischen Behörden

Gewöhnliche behördliche Schreiben an eine andere Behörde enthalten in aller Regel keine Schlussformel, es wird nur der Name und ggf. die Amtsbezeichnung und ggf. die berufliche Funktion angegeben.

Abkürzungen

In manchen Bereichen, vor allem in elektronischer Korrespondenz und Internet-Foren, werden Abkürzungen für Grüße verwendet. Siehe Liste von Abkürzungen (Netzjargon).

• „MfG“, „mfg“ – „Mit freundlichen Grüßen“
• „LG“, „lg“ – „Liebe Grüße“
• „VG“, „vg“ – „Viele Grüße“
• „Hav“, „hav“ – „Hochachtungsvoll“

Zu empfehlen sind die Abkürzungen im Allgemeinen nicht, denn beim Empfänger kann der Eindruck entstehen, dass die Wertschätzung durch den Sender den Aufwand des Schreibens nicht rechtfertige.

Verbotene Grußformel

In Deutschland ist es nach § 86a StGB (Verwenden von Kennzeichen verfassungswidriger Organisationen) strafbar, die Grußformel

• „mit deutschem Gruß“

in Briefen zu verwenden, „deren äußere Aufmachung und deren Inhalt eindeutig erkennen lassen, daß dies im nationalsozialistischen Sprachgebrauch gemeint ist“,^[6] wenn die „Weitergabe" des Briefes „darauf gerichtet ist, die Schrift ihrer Substanz nach einem größeren Personenkreis zugänglich zu machen, wobei dieser nach Zahl und Individualität so groß sein muss, dass er für den Täter nicht mehr kontrollierbar ist [...]. Dazu reicht die Weitergabe an einzelne bestimmte Dritte nicht aus, wenn nicht feststeht, dass der Dritte seinerseits die Schrift weiteren Personen überlassen werde."^[7]

Siehe auch

• Gruß#Schriftlich
• Anrede
• Geschäftsbrief
• Rede
• Text
• Eingangsformel
• Formulierung
• Phrase
• Mündlichkeit

Literatur

• Theodor Graf Finck von Finckenstein: Protokollarischer Ratgeber. Hinweise für persönliche Anschriften und Anreden im öffentlichen Leben. 3. Auflage, Köln 1998.

Weblinks

• DIN 5008 von A bis Z – Anlagevermerk
• Geschäftsbrief gemäß DIN 676
• Gestaltung von Geschäftsbriefen

Einzelnachweise

1. Hochspringen ↑ Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln (PDF; 740 kB) §68, §69.
2. Hochspringen ↑ Duden, Band 9, Gutes und richtiges Deutsch, 5. Aufl., 2005, S. 191
3. Hochspringen ↑ Duden, Band 9, Gutes und richtiges Deutsch, 5. Aufl., 2005, S. 191
4. Hochspringen ↑ Woher stammt die Ziffernfolge „73“?
5. Hochspringen ↑ eur-lex.europa.eu (PDF).
6. Hochspringen ↑ Bundesgerichtshof, Urteil vom 8. September 1976 - 3 StR 280/76 = BGHSt 27, 1 (Leitsatz)
7. Hochspringen ↑ Bundesgerichtshof, Beschluss vom 16. Mai 2012 - 3 StR 33/12, S. 5 f., unter Bezugnahme auf das BGH-Urteil vom 22. Dezember 2004 - 2 StR 365/04, S. 8 f. = NJW 2005, 689, 690, und auf Bundesverfassungsgericht, Beschluss vom 9. November 2011 - 1 BvR 461/08 -.